On
August 19th 1833 Colonel Colbee Chamberlain Benton (1805-1880) left
Chicago with Louis Ouilmette, a young man of French and Potawatomi heritage, to
inform local Indian tribes that their federal annuities would be paid in
September of that year.[1] Benton’s trip, recorded in “A visitor to Chicago
in the Indian Days: Journal of the Far-Off West”, was taken one year after the
end of the Black Hawk war which ended most tribal resistance to white
settlement of the Chicago area.[2] That same year the Potawatomis, a tribe that
dominated in the lands that became Chicago since the 1690s, relinquished their rights
to their lands in Illinois. At that time
the white settler population was little more than 150 people. A few years later in 1837 Chicago was
chartered as a city.
That
Benton’s journey was undertaken at time of tension between the indigenous and settler
population is reflected in his descriptions of their trip. On the night of August 24th the
pair of travelers passed through some oak groves and arrived at a small stream
in a little prairie in Southeast Wisconsin and they camped there for the night.
As night fell they heard Indians around their
camp. Benton hid beside a large tree and
at Ouilmette’s suggestion he removed his straw hat since it was “a good mark to
shoot at.” Assessing the danger they
found themselves in, Louis remarked that “there were occasionally some of the
Sauks and Fox Indians wandering about in [that] part of the country, and from
them [they] could not expect much mercy.”
Benton
didn’t sleep that night. However, even
if they had been “in danger of suffering from the power of their tomahawk and
scalping knives” it was not fear that kept him awake. He remarked, in fact, there was something about
their circumstances “so novel and romantic about it that it dispelled every
fear…” He was far from home, everything looked “wild and terrible”, he was surrounded
by “savages” and yet it all seemed “lovely and romantic and beautiful”. He felt happy.
So
what kept Benton from his sleep? It was
the noise! Some of the noise certainly may
have emanated from the Indians who “mocked almost every wild animal.” But also there were unfamiliar birds calling,
as well as foxes and raccoons. In the
distance, wolves howled and owls hooted in concert with the wolves. The mosquitoes added their part to “the music”. A sleepless, noisy, vaguely threatening night,
and yet Benton declared that never before had he “passed a night so
interestingly, and so pleasantly…”
***
So
here was Chicago on the eve of its 1837 charter. A settler population numbered in the hundreds
surrounded by a loud chorusing of people and wildlife. Benton recorded the diversity of the
vegetated landscape of northeast Illinois and southeast Wisconsin as they passed
by on horseback. Near Round Lake (Lake
Country, Illinois) he noted that they ventured through little oak openings then
out onto the prairie, alongside little streams with “heavy timber”, and, very
muddily, across “tremendous marshes”.
The prairie grass were, as they often are in these early descriptions,
so tall and wet that passing through on horseback was like “wading through
water.” They shot, usually
unsuccessfully at any birds they could see: wild geese, ducks, loons, pigeons,
a sand crane (successfully bagged), and a prairie hen (killed and roasted for
the dog). Streams were home to “some monstrous pickerel and other large fishes.” Dotted infrequently through this wilderness were
the corn fields of Indians. Thus it was a
variegated landscape supporting a rich diversity of life, human and
non-human. A gloriously loud landscape
it was then, one interesting and uncanny enough to keep a man awake and happy.
On
the evening of Chicago’s birth Benton even found a moment for erotic thoughts. The travelers stopped at a
village where Louis was known to the chief.
Benton remarked him as “a tall good looking Indian about forty five
years of age, and is a notable drunkard”.
There Benton spots a “very pretty squaw” who roasted some corn for them. The next morning Benton reported himself to
be a little grumpy not to have dreamt of her.
“Her tawny complexion”, he conceded, “only made her more interesting.” When he glanced over at her he found that she
was “looking serenely at the sky…”
Benton speculated that she “was some pure and sinless being whose noble
spirit held converse with the angels in a brighter world, far above the mortal
things of earth.” It may be more likely,
however, that she was solemnly preparing herself for departure from her home
lands. The village chief, called Warp-sa
by Benton, was most likely Wapse who it is claimed sold the Potawatomi lands in
Illinois and was responsible for the removal of the tribe to Kansas.
And
after the removal of the Indians, the landscape of the Chicago, under the
influence of the vastly expanding population, turned to homogenous shit. But that’s another story.
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